Methodology
Average, marginal, consumption-based, and modelled intensities are kept distinct. Each published value carries unit, time, geography, electricity system, methodology, source, and provenance.
Intensity types
- Average grid emissions intensity
- Average emissions associated with electricity generation (or published location-based supply factors) over the period.
- Marginal emissions intensity
- Estimated emissions consequence of incremental demand. Not inferred from average factors.
- Consumption-based intensity
- Intensity of electricity consumed, accounting for imports and exports where methodologically defensible.
- Modelled intensity
- Derived where direct observations are unavailable. Always labelled MODELLED.
- Observed, derived, modelled, forecast, counterfactual
- Epistemic status is canonical. An observed generation mix is not a modelled marginal generator, and neither is a counterfactual dispatch. Experimental models are never implied to be validated.
Registered methodologies
Experimental ranking of generation technologies likely affected by a marginal NSW demand reduction at different times of day. Uses a residual-load heuristic, not a dispatch or unit-commitment model.
Does not publish a numeric marginal factor. Results are experimental and must not be treated as validator-grade.
Average CO2 emissions per unit of net electricity generation by all grid-connected power units in Singapore, as published in Singapore Energy Statistics.
Reported as kg CO2/kWh, not kgCO2e/kWh. Not a build-margin or operating-margin CDM factor in this extract: the published average GEF is used.
Generation-weighted average GHG emission per unit of electricity generation of all generating plants serving the named Malaysian grid, including REC-eligible plant. Unit GgCO2e/GWh is numerically equal to kgCO2e/kWh.
Provisional. Peninsular and Sabah calculated by the Energy Commission. Sarawak from Sarawak Energy Berhad reports.
Average emissions intensity of electricity supply for the state or territory as published in the National Greenhouse Accounts Factors. Applied to the corresponding electricity system or NEM region without claiming dispatch-level precision.
Not a marginal factor. Not consumption-based with inter-regional adjustment beyond the published location factor.
Observed 5-minute NSW1 demand and unit SCADA from AEMO NEMWEB. Fuel mix is DUID output aggregated by CDEII energy source for NSW1 units. Optional derived average intensity is the generation-weighted CDEII unit factor. Not a marginal factor.
Derived intensity is labelled DERIVED. Annual NGA location-based factors remain the canonical published annual average.
Location-based organisational Scope 2 emission factor for electricity from the Thailand grid mix, Thai National LCI Database / TIIS-MTEC-NSTDA, IPCC 2013 GWP 100a AR5, generation years 2022-2024.
Effective for organisational carbon footprint from 1 January 2026. Board 25 November 2025. Table update February 2026. Scope 3 fuel-chain factor 0.0812 kgCO2e/kWh is not this extract.